MOTS-c is unusual in that it is encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene rather than in nuclear DNA. It was among the first mitochondrial-derived peptides shown to act as a signalling molecule outside the organelle itself.
Research has concentrated on AMPK pathway activation, insulin sensitivity in cell models, and the mitonuclear retrograde signalling axis — the mechanism by which mitochondria communicate metabolic state back to the nucleus. It also appears regularly in exercise physiology and metabolic ageing models.
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